Abstract: Leading the construction of a modern industrial system through Chinese modernization can be understood along two main threads: strategic objectives and fundamental characteristics. The first thread involves a comprehensive analysis of the intrinsic mechanisms by which strategic objectives guide the construction of a modern industrial system, examined from four dimensions: theoretical logic, policy supply, demand dynamics, and international comparison. In terms of theoretical logic, it reveals a spiral evolutionary path of strategic objectives—principal contradictions—resource allocation—industrial upgrading—stages of growth; In terms of policy supply, it reveals the shaping mechanism of industrial policy paradigm shifts on the evolution of the industrial system; at the demand level, it elucidates the driving mechanism of demand structure changes on the evolution of the industrial system; and in international comparison, it highlights the distinct paths of industrial system modernization and institutional advantages that China possesses compared to the West. The other main thread examines the new requirements and challenges facing the construction of a modern industrial system by starting from the fundamental characteristics of Chinese modernization, such as a massive population, common prosperity for all people, the coordination of material and spiritual civilization, harmony between humanity and nature, and the pursuit of a path of peaceful development. Accordingly, industrial policy during the 15th Five-Year Plan period should be guided by Chinese modernization, establishing the advancement of a modern industrial system as its core task, and focusing on three key areas: enhancing its integrity, advanced nature, and security. This involves stabilizing manufacturing and strengthening integration to elevate the backbone status of the manufacturing sector and its full-chain supply capabilities; fostering new-quality productive forces through the synergistic development of technological upgrading and digital empowerment in traditional industries and the forward-looking layout of emerging and future industries; and by addressing supply chain gaps, strengthening foundational capabilities, and building resilient infrastructure, we will enhance self-reliance, control, and risk management capabilities, thereby laying a solid foundation for the real economy to achieve the fundamental realization of socialist modernization.
